篇一:《中国的社会保障状况和政策(英文)》
China's Social Security and Its Policy (Full Text)
2004-09-07 10:28:28
BEIJING, Sept. 7 (Xinhuanet) -- The Information Office of China's State Council on
Tuesday issued a white paper titled "China's Social Security and Its Policy". The following is the full text ofthe document:
China's Social Security and Its Policy
Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
September 2004, Beijing
Contents
Foreword
I Old-Age Insurance
II Unemployment Insurance
III Medical Insurance
IV Insurance for Work-related Injuries
V Maternity Insurance
VI Social Welfare
VII Special Care and Placement
VIII Social Relief
IX Housing Security
X Social Security in Rural Areas
Conclusion
First Edition 2004 China Internet Information Center
Homepage:
E-mail:infornew@public.bta.net.cn
ISBN 7-80148-653-16
Published by New Star Publishers 24 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing 100037, China Distributed by China International Book Trading Corporation 35 Chegongzhuang Xilu, Beijing 100044, China P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China Printed in the People's Republic of China
Foreword
Social security is one of the most important socio-economic systems for a country in
modern times. To establish and improve a social security system corresponding to the level of economic development is a logical requirement for coordinated economic and social development. It is also an important guarantee for the social stability and the long-term political stability of a country.
China is the biggest developing country with a large populationin the world, and its economic base is weak and the development between regions and between town and
country is unbalanced. Establishing a sound social security system in China is an extremely arduous task.
In light of China's actual situation and adhering to the principle of "putting people first," the Chinese Government attaches great importance and devotes every effort to establishingand improving its social security system. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China stipulates that the state shall establish and improve a social security system corresponding to the level of economic development. The Chinese Government regards economic
development as the basic prerequisite for improving people's livelihood and effecting social security.
For a long time before 1978, when China adopted the reform and opening-up policies, China had practiced a social security policy corresponding to its planned economic system, providing social security services to its people as best it could. Since China established and improved its socialist market economy system in the mid-1980s a series of reforms have been introduced to change the old social security system practiced under the planned economy,and a basic framework of a social security system has been set up in China corresponding to the market economy system, with the central and local governments sharing specific responsibilities.
China's social security system includes social insurance, social welfare, the special care and placement system, social relief and housing services. As the core of the social security system, social insurance includes old-age insurance, unemployment insurance, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance and maternity insurance.
I. Old-Age Insurance
China is now an aging society. As the aging of the population quickens, the number of
elderly people is becoming very large. This trend will reach its peak in the 2030s. To guarantee the basic living standards of the elderly and safeguard their legitimate rights and interests, the Chinese Government has continuously improved the old-age insurance system and reformed the fund-raising mode in an attempt to establish a multi-level old-age insurance system marked by sustainable development. Promoting the Development of a Basic Old-Age Insurance System for Employees in Urban Areas
-- Reforming the basic old-age insurance system for enterprise employees in urban areas. In 1997, the Chinese Government unified the basic old-age insurance system for enterprise employees in urban areas across the country by implementing a
social-pool-plus-personal-accounts scheme. Enterprise employees who have reached
retirement age as provided by law (60 for male employees, 55 for female cadres and 50 for female workers) and who have paid their share of the premiums for 15 years or more shall be entitled to collect a basic old-age pension every month after retirement. The basic old-age pension consists of two parts: base pension and pension from personal account. The monthly sum of the base pensionis tantamount to about 20 percent of an employee's average
monthlywage in that area in the previous year. The monthly pension sum from the personal account is 1/120 of the total accumulated sum inthe personal account (11 percent of an
employee's wage being deposited every month in the pension section). The state adjusts the level of the basic old-age pension with reference to the priceindex of living expenses for urban residents and employees' pay increases. In 2003, the monthly basic pension for enterprise retirees covered by the basic old-age insurance scheme was 621 yuan on average. -- Expanding the coverage of basic old-age insurance. Initially,China's basic old-age
insurance covered only state-owned enterprises and collectively-owned enterprises in urban areas and their employees. In 1999, this coverage was expanded to include foreign-invested enterprises, private enterprises and other types of enterprises in urban areas, as well as their employees. All provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government can make provisions to include persons engaged in individual businesses of industry or commerce in the basic old-age insurance in accordance with the specific
conditionsin their localities. In 2002 China expanded its basic old-age insurance coverage to all those who were employed in a flexible manner in urban areas. In 2003, the number of people participatingin the basic old-age insurance scheme across China reached 155.06 million, 116.46 million of whom were employees.
-- Undertaking experimental reforms in selected areas to improve the basic old-age
insurance system. In 2001, the Chinese Government began to carry out pilot projects along this line. The reform includes: gradually establishing personal accounts so that funds can be accumulated, and probing ways of preserving and increasing the value of the funds; changing the way the base pension is calculated and paid, whereby the amount of base pensionis more closely linked to the length of time of the employee's premium payment, and if an employee has participated in the basic old-age insurance program and paid the premiums for 15 years, he or she will be entitled to a higher rate of pension for every additional year of payment;
unifying the procedures of premium payment by those who are employed in a flexible manner,
whereby the base of their premium payment is uniformly set at 20 percent of the average wage of local employees. The pilot project was first conducted in Liaoning Province, and has been expanded to Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces in 2004.
-- Probing the reform of the retirement system of government agencies and public institutions. In China the retirement and pension system in government agencies and public institutions is different from that applied in enterprises. In 2003, there were 670,000 retirees who had joined the revolutionary ranks before October 1949 and 9,310,000 other retirees from these agencies and institutions. In the 1990s, some localities in China began to probe the procedures of reforming the retirement system in such agencies and institutions. Pilot projects were
conducted to raise the retirement pension funds through the social pool program. By the end of 2003, some 11.99 million employees and 2.58 million retirees had participated in such pilot projects.
Raising Funds for Basic Old-Age Insurance Through Multiple Channels
As the aging of the population quickens and the number of retirees increases steadily, the pressure on the payment of funds for basic old-age insurance is becoming ever greater. In order to make sure that basic pensions are paid in full and on time, the Chinese Government is raising such funds through multiple channels.
-- Practicing joint premium payment by both enterprises and employees. Generally the
premiums paid by enterprises will not exceed 20 percent of the total wage bill of the enterprise, with the specific proportion being determined by the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government. Individual employees pay eight percent of their wages as premiums, whereas self-employed individuals and those who are employed in a flexible manner in urban areas pay an amount equal to about 18 percent of the averagewage in their locality. In 2003, the basic old-age insurance premium paid by enterprises nationwide totaled 259.5 billion yuan.
-- Increasing the subsidy outlay from the government financial budget for basic old-age insurance funds. The state has called upon governments at all levels to increase the
momentum of restructuring their financial expenditure and raise their input into social security. In 2003, state budgets at all levels contributed 54.4 billion yuan toward basic old-age insurance funds,of which 47.4 billion yuan came from the central budget.
-- Establishing a national social security fund. In 2000, the Chinese Government decided to create a national social security fund. Its sources include: funds acquired from reducing state shareholding, stock ownership assets, funds from the central budget, funds raised by other means approved by the State Council,and investment returns. The national social security fund is administered by the National Social Security Fund Executive Council, and is operated on market principles in accordance with the procedures and requirements prescribed by the "Interim Measures for the Management of the Investment of the National Social Security Fund." The national social security fund provides an important financial reserve for the
implementation of old-age insurance and other social security programs. By the end of 2003, it had accumulated over 130 billion yuan.
Promoting the Socialization of Management and Services for Old-Age Insurance In the past, Chinese enterprises were responsible for both the issuance of basic pensions to their own retirees and the administration of those retirees. Now, to ensure that all
retireesreceive their basic pensions in full and on time, and lessen the burden of social affairs on enterprises, the government is actively practicing the delivery of basic pensions by social service institutions. At the end of 2003, the basic pensions of retirees from enterprises were all delivered by social service institutions, and 84.5 percent of those retirees were under the administration of such institutions.
In 2003, the Chinese Government began to implement an information-based labor security project, or popularly called "golden social security project," in order to raise the overall management level of social insurance and to meet the needs of the floating labor force to
continue with their social insurance coverage once they change jobs. The goal of the project is to realize computer-based networking of social security information across the country. So far the networking of old-age insurance information between the Central Government and the provinces has been initially effected.
Establishing a Multi-Level Old-Age Insurance System
In recent years, the Chinese Government has made great efforts to build a multi-level old-age insurance system. In addition to participating in the compulsory basic old-age
insurance, enterprises with suitable conditions may set up annuities for their employees. Both enterprises and individuals will contribute to this annuity, which will be accumulated wholly for that specific purpose and managed in the form of personal accounts. Theenterprise annuity funds will be managed and operated in accordance with the market mechanism. In 2003, nearly seven million people participated in the enterprise annuity program. In addition, the state also encourages personal savings for old age.
The first two decades of the 21st century will be a critical period in the development of
China's old-age insurance. The state will further improve the basic old-age insurance system that combines social pool and personal accounts, and gradually consolidate the latter. Basic old-age insurance will extend to cover all eligible employees in urban areas, and at the
provinciallevel the establishment and improvement of regulating funds for old-age insurance will be carried out. Social pool at the city level shall be improved and gradually raised to that at the provincial level.
II. Unemployment Insurance
While promoting the reform of the enterprise employment system and setting up a market-oriented employment mechanism, the ChineseGovernment is speeding up the{中国社保英语}.
development and improvement of an unemployment insurance system to guarantee the basic
篇二:《关于社保好不好的英文辩论赛》
社保好不好
I can’t possibly agree with you
I think we have agreed to disagree. 我想我们有相同点和不同点。
g. that’s not （entirely） true. 那不（完全）正确。
h. I can’t possibly agree with you. 我不可能同意你。
all right， but don’t you think…？好吧，但难道你不觉得…… how do you see it？你怎么看它？
5.My dear friend give me a clear answear please now.
亲爱的朋友,请现在就给我一个清楚的解释.
“弱势群体”问题在当前正引起全社会的高度重视。我们理解现在所提出的“弱势群体”不是原有的社会帮扶对象，因为那已经有了一套完善的社会福利和社会救济系统（如残疾人、孤寡老人、孤儿等）。现在所指的“弱势群体”，在城镇就是指下岗失业没有收入的人，在农村是指偏僻落后和贫困地区的农民。
1、 My dear fellow opponents, can you give me an Accurate definition of what is the welfare system
2、 You are absolutely absolutely right!but Can you tell me the welfare system will help who? How can do you identify the disadvantaged groups? That will lead many people pretent to be the disadvantaged,and cheat the government for the welfare money.
实行全民福利制的北美西欧的后遗症是：寻找社会保障的贫民从农村向大城市沉淀，中产阶级外逃，形成纽约、洛杉矶等大城市中的贫民窟和犯罪集团，导致早期核心经济区的衰落。
3、 From the internet I got the information that after the developped countries carried out the welfare system a large amount of poor flood into city from country and at the same time the Middle-class run away from the downtown which formed the slum(贫民窟) and criminal group.All these will lead the decline of economy.
美国西欧“福利国家”的种种富贵病,包括本地工人的怠惰化，日益依靠外地劳工和非法移民，产业外移，大政府的低效率和财政负担，根子上都是和社会保障制度有关的。
4、 Western Europe countries have the phenomenon that local workers are more lazy because of the welfare system,at the same time the system will increase the burden of the government. 人类社会几千年来，家庭就是基本的社会保障单位。社会保障制度把养老的负担移交给国家，造成家庭和社区瓦解，多数儿童成长于单亲家庭，导致青少年严重的心理和社会问题。
5、 As we all known the family is the basic unit of social security for thousand of years,however the welfare system transferred the burden to the government that will lead the broken of family,then more and more childen grow up in single parent family then lead to the teenage serious psychological and social problems.
中年人税负过重，妇女不愿生育，人口出生率下降过度，劳动力严重不足。产业界不得不依靠非法移民，原有居民和新移民的矛盾不断升级。
6、 I’m afraid i disagree !Do you know? The welfare system will make the midlle-aged people
pay more for the tax, afer that the women don't want to birth,the birth rate decline, then will have a serious shortage of labor force.At that time the iundunstry have to rely on illegal immigrants,then the conflict between the original residents and new immigrants is promoted.
7、 The shortage of labor force will cause the industry move outside from our country to those
ones whose labor is more sufficient and it will easy to draw the conclusion that we will lose many chaces of making money.{中国社保英语}.
统一社保将严重削弱中国的国际竞争力，外资将流向劳动力价格更低廉国家，从而削弱而非加强社会稳定。
8、 To some extant,the welfare system will weaken the international competitiveness of
China,that means a large amount of Foreign funds will flow to the countrieswhose labor price is lower than ours.. do you agree？
西欧的社会保障远比美国完善，其失业率远比美国高，国际竞争力也比美国为弱。You are right,but the truth is that Western Europe's welfare system is better than the United States, but the unemployment rate is far higher than that in the United States, the international competitiveness is also weaker than the United States.that is why?can you Remove my doubts? 中国之所以成为国际资本和劳动密集型产业的转移地，并成功维持了长时间的经济高速增长，就在于中国没有统一的平衡的劳动社会保障体系，劳动力成本低，社会负担轻。
9、 Why does china maitain a rapid growth in economy?do you know? Let me tell you ,that is
because our labar cost littler than other developped countries. if we do not have the welfare system,the cost will be lower than now, and the economy will countiue grow.
中国目前政府的预算内财政收入仅占GDP的15％左右。凡是实行社保制度的发达国家，政府税收达GDP的30－50％以上。美国这样的发达国家都不愿实行像加拿大那样的社会保障体系，中国如何付得起？
说得太好了，您的经历不也折射出中国现在两大社会问题的根源吗？一个是青年失业变成啃老族。另一个是社保基金的来源面临枯竭，要挪用国家建设资金救急。
10、 My dear fellow opponents,do you agree with me that the welfare system will support the
lazy man.we can see the NEET group (啃老族)stay at home to share their parents’ retirement allowance. On the other hand, we must face the truth that the source of the social security funds run out. so do you really think the welfare system is suitable to Chinese national conditions?
首先讨论中国人口的主体部分——农民。占我国总人口的70%。如果这些农民全部加入社保大军，国家可以养得起嘛？如果国家养不起，这些人必定会成为社会的不稳定或者说是不安定因素，那么何以谈论，和谐社会？
Let us talk about the fact, china has a population of 13 billion and 70% of them are farmers,they do not join the welfare system before,but now the government want to push them into the systemm, can that be real?
全国社会保障基金理事会理事长戴相龙称高达1.3万亿元人民币，但全国在账面上留存的金额只剩下1500亿元。
We have the data that the social security funds(社保基金) is As high as 1.3 trillion yuan RMB,but the amount on the boolet is only 150 billion yuan. Do you really think the welfare system will last somehow? 全国各城市均遭遇养老金不足难题，上海也不例外。虽然上海相关部门并没有明确透露养老金缺口有多大，但相关数据显示，自从1999年起，上海的养老保险金缺口累计已达百亿元，养老金短缺已经成为中央政府和地方政府亟需解决的难题。
1、我国人口正在逐步老龄化。人口老龄化使老年人的养老、医疗、社会服务等问题更加突出。中国养老保险长期实行现收现付制，没有留出积累资金。老龄化提前到来，意味着“未富先老”，中国社会保障体系面临着养老负担重、筹集资金难和医疗费用大等诸多挑战。
7、历史隐性债务问题。我国社会保障制度改革始于上世纪80年代中期。此前退休的人员没有缴纳过养老金，也就没有个人账户，此前参加工作的人员个人账户由开始缴纳养老金时算起，个人账户不完整。因此这些人的退休费用就只能由正在工作中的人员来承担。一旦进入老龄化社会后，当期收取的养老金是不可能支付得起退休人员的退休费用的。如果不能采取多种措施化解由于新旧养老制度转型而形成的对中老年职工的历史欠账，未来终将会对我国社会保障制度产生重大冲击。目前，基本养老保险基金存在巨额缺口，支付压力逐年增大，支付风险日益凸显。
8、省及省以下