第一篇:《60年代大饥荒调查》
60年代大饥荒调查
摘要：大饥荒使我们民族千百年来的苦难循环往复，而现代文明社会已为人们提供了和平理性的发展路径，主动自觉地进行政治体制改革，尽量减少社会震荡，实现政治民主，是解决问题的根本。
关键词：饥饿 人治 法治 改革开放 工业化
长大时，我有些埋怨母亲，我怎么与大多数同龄人要矮？基因不好？母亲总是笑笑说：“小时后受zheng了。”四川话，意思是小时候吃了很多苦头。与她的绝大多数同龄人一样，母亲的个子是矮的，完全一个四川人的标准。
母亲常常讲她自己小时候的事情。母亲生于1951年，她所受的zheng发生在1958年后的那几年。在她的印象里，有那么很长时间老是没东西吃，饿得头昏眼花，全身浮肿。外婆外爷当时在外面做活路（她当时不知道是干什么），好几个月才回来一次，带些吃的东西，但往往吃了后还是很饿。 外婆外爷在外时，母亲为大，照顾弟弟妹妹的重担就落在母亲身上，最小的弟弟（我的四舅）三岁了还不能走路，也不能说话，只能在地上爬来爬去。实在不行，母亲便去偷生产队的粮食。那时候，胡萝卜秧长得很茂盛，母亲便偷了几颗，连同叶子在锅里煮煮，稍微熟些，就和弟弟妹妹一起吃得干干净净！
母亲讲到这里总是叹气。幸亏去偷了点东西吃，家里才
没有饿死人。别的人家有不敢偷的，总有人饿死。而我很惊讶，这些猪食似的东西还要去偷？生长在天府之国，什么东西都有呀？而且快饿死了，还有很多人不敢偷？没东西吃，外婆外爷怎么不管？
前不久，对这个话题，我和我一个表妹的爷爷聊过。爷爷也姓田，当时他已经结婚生子了。在1958年7,8月时，农民把粮食都交给集体，办大食堂。大家在食堂大吃大喝，不要钱，浪费也很大。但没有维持多久，食堂粮食就没有了，大家也没吃的了。没关系嘛，可以再补点东西或向国家请求帮助嘛。当时的情况，我们要在钢铁上赶英超美，进入工业化。那就大炼钢铁，光靠工厂不行，那就让农村支援一下，这样大量的农村壮年劳动力去大炼钢了。田爷爷只能丢下老婆孩子，从新津与几万人一起到大邑炼钢。没有炼钢用的煤炭，便把各个村子的大树砍了，运到大邑去，平原上砍完了，就砍山上的，山也变得光秃秃的，青山绿水没有了。没有那么多铁矿石，有办法！把农村里破铜烂铁收起来，不够？把农民家中的锅也打了，充数！都吃集体了，自家的锅没有用！ 这样的结果大家都知道，炼成一堆废钢！这边吃力不讨好，抽了大量的壮年劳动力，农村只剩下老弱妇孺，收成自然不好。老天爷也来凑热闹，大干旱！当上交国家的粮食还得交，食堂化了，粮食由集体直接交给国家！当时还碰上“放卫星”，一亩田产万斤粮食。1959年很严重，连吃国家供应的壮年劳
动力也吃不消！更何况农村的老弱妇孺！田爷爷坚持要回家，上面不放。但最终田爷爷调了回去，大小也是个官。否则，田爷爷的家也会饿死人的。
集体没粮食，自己也能在田边角角种点东西嘛？田爷爷说，政策不允许，那要割资本主义尾巴！没有粮食吃了，平时给猪吃的谷皮，麦麸都成了奢侈的美味。但吃多了，屙屎都屙不出来，用棍子挑。那总要有人向上实事求是反应嘛？当官的不敢，当时反右很厉害！牛头鬼神都被打倒在地了！老百姓们思想很质朴，很听国家的话。这样，发生这么大的事情刚开始领导层就不知道了！
领导层怎么了？他们相信了亩产一万斤，人民一经公社化，便进入了共产主义，楼上楼下，电灯电话，人民的生活赶英超美，幸福无比！怎么相信亩产一万斤？据说那是以钱学森为代表的权威科学家，发表了论文，从理论上证明，通过庄稼的吸收，一亩田上方的空气，阳光，水分可以产出一万斤的粮食。权威的科学家都说了，那小老百姓也就清白了。干吧，再加上“与天斗，与人斗，其乐无穷！”“为有牺牲多壮志，敢教日月换新天”的领导层权威的执行力，亩产一万斤便出来了。田爷爷说，秋收时，上面派人来检查无产阶级的战斗成果时，生产队就从别处稻田割了好几十亩的稻谷，塞在一亩田里，严严实实的，像毯子一样，人在上面跑啊，跳啊，都行！检查组自然再修饰一下，上报自己的检查成果。
一级一级的上报，领导层自然陶醉在进入了共产主义的巨大喜悦中。还是按原计划征粮，产粮大省安徽，四川自然是大头。征的粮食还苏帝的债，余下的换外汇，买设备，为建工业强国不遗余力。几个月已过，农村断粮了，还在征，那农民连一点家底都没有了。城镇居民还好，有供应，到后面供应少了，也会挨饿，但不至于饿死人。
1959年庐山会议，本来是个机会改正，但连彭德怀都被打倒了，谁还敢说真话。事情已经非常严重了，领导层才知道。一部关于领袖的影片有一个情节，人民公社化很久了，领袖收到报告，全国各地有饿死人的情况，领袖很悲痛，开始治理整顿，情况才好转。在七千人大会上，领导层做检讨，说是“三分天灾，七分人祸。”三分天灾，是指干旱，七分人祸大概是苏帝逼我们还债。其实，如邓公后面评价，那完全是人祸。
小时候所说的三年自然灾害就是这段时期。现在的学生估计很少听说过那段痛苦的岁月。不过，也有些有良知的学者开始披露那段历史。但也有人在浑水摸鱼，发表他们一些不可告人的言论。这场灾难是有很多因素造成的，领导层的决策错误是很大的主观原因。我认为，还有一个不可忽略的客观因素。《货币战争》告诉我们，在苏联的援助下，中国顺利的完成了第一个五年计划，也初步完成工业化的积累。当时的中国有两种选择，但最终选择向苏联学习，走工业化
的道路。但工业化必须向农业索取，才能进一步向前发展。农业必须付出代价，特别是大跃进，工业的步子在骤然加快，农业付出的代价更严重了，到了后面，便崩塌了。那个时期，确实饿死了人。饿死的人有多少，有人说有三千多万。（注）但有个事实，饿死的人几乎是中国农民。真是”兴，农民苦；亡，农民苦。”中国的苦难史从来都是中国农民的血泪史！
因此，现在的中国人的幸福生活来之不易！建立在前人惨重的摸索中。感谢邓小平，改革开放三十多年，国富民强；感谢习大大，打破几千年来“人治”极权，向法治建国迈进关键的一步！
参考文献：《货币战争》宋鸿兵编著，中信出版社出版
注释：中国学者金辉（《三年自然灾害备忘录》，1993年出版）、曹树基（见《中国人口科学》2005年）、王维志（见《关于解放后我国总人口增加同自然增长人数差数情况》）的计算结果，认定死亡人数约为三千六百万。
第二篇:《雅思大作文范文30篇》
• 经济上，发展中国家的劳动力被剥削，资源被取用，而产品却不能够进人发达国家，国内产业受到外商和外企的冲击； •社会上，外国的产品流人一个国家，会改变人们的生活习惯和购买习惯；年轻人比较喜欢外同产品，比如说食品、衣服、电子产品和娱乐方式；
• 文化上，本土文化会被削弱，本土语言会受到威胁，文化多样性会逐步损失；
• 环境上，工业化生产和交通量的加大会增加温室气体的排放；游人的增多会对自然环境构成威胁。
Topic 1: Increasing travels between countries enable people to learn different cultures or to increase tension between people from different countries?
外来人口的增加有利于文化的交流：
• 游客或者移民都具备经济利益和价值（commercial interest and economic value)； 而外同人的停留时间是和东道国的合作密切相关的（The length of stay depends on the cooperation of the host society.);很多当地人因此表现得非常好客和友好，这有助于文化的交流（Many local people are very friendly and hospitable, which promote the cultural communications.)；
• 对其他的文化和人民更为了解（a better understanding of other cultures and other peoples),改变人们对其他民族和文化的态度（alter one's attitudes towards another people or culture);人们因此可以接受不同的文化和价值观（embrace different values and cultures),可以和平共处（create motivation to coexist peacefully), 并促进对"多元文化的理解 (promote multi-cultural understanding)；
• 促进文化的融合（promote integration),消除文化障碍（remove cultural barriers), 外来人口的增加导致冲突： • 违反当地的习俗会激怒当地人（breach of local customs can irritate the locals);
• 不同文化的人看待同一事物总有不同的角度（harbour different perceptions),并给予不同的解释(different interpretations)，比如对手势、衣服、言行举止有不同的理解；举止不当会引起当地人意想不到的反应(provoke unanticipated responses); •外国游客增多会对当地环境造成压力，甚至破坏环境，而移民增多可能导致工作机会减少，致使竞争更加激烈，这些都有可能引起当地人的反感（cause resentment in local communities).
Globalization is a catch-all term that refers to any activity that involves more than one country, for example, travel from one country to another. The dramatic increase in transnational travel in recent years has sparked controversy over the potential impacts of this trend on individual countriesf especially those new member states of globalization. Some people are concerned that the upsurge in new arrivals will prompt local hostility against visitors instead of promoting their understanding on mutual cultural background. This notion should be rejected as one can see many facts in favor of this development between countries.
The first reason why international travels would never bring conflict is rooted in the fact that both visitors and locals are economically motivated. International travel opens up opportunities for business development throughout the world. Entrepreneurs are interested not only in the domestic market but also in the oversea market. Foreigners should learn the culture of a country before winning over the local people. In turn, locals should show their hospitality to visitors in exchange for their trust. They share a view that acceptance of each other's cultural background is a necessary condition for cooperation.
Understanding a culture has other implications. Differences in social background, cultural values and religious belief might make the discrepancy of foreigners and local inhabitants on some issues indelible; however, the higher interaction, the higher level of communication and understanding. Arabians, for example, used to consider westerners as their foes. Now they have concrete relations with their western allies in many fields. In the initial stage, their divergence seemed
inherent but over time, with better mutual understanding, they take the same position on many issues.
Undeniably, it is likely that in some resorts, foreign visitors repel the local community with their scant regard for the local environment and conventions when they first arrive. However, it should be noted that most offense is accidental, rather than intentional. Instead, visitors disobey rules and conventions simply because they have no knowledge of them. This situation is expected to be improved with the passing of time when visitors from different countries increase their knowledge of a local culture.{大饥荒作文}.
According to the above analysis, we can observe that the increase in the international travel should not be taken as the cause of any conflict that arises between two countries. Alternatively, one should recognize its role in improving mutual understanding between two countries.
1. catch-all = all-embracing:包罗甚广的 ；包括一切的 2. hostility=enmity=resentment:敌意,怨'恨,愤恨
3. rooted in=derived from=based on:基于 4. entrepreneur=tycoon=mogul=industrialist:企业家，实业家
5. discrepancy=disagreement=difference=divergence:分歧，矛盾
6. foe=enemy=rival:敌人，竟争对手 7. concrete=tangible=solid:具体的，实际的
8. overtime=in due course=sooner or later:最终，早
9. resort:胜地；tourist resort:旅游胜地；holiday resort：度假胜地；beach resort:海边度假胜地； scenic spot:景观；place of interest: 旅游景点
10. repel=revolt=repulse:使厌恶，憎恶 11. scant=limited=scarce:缺乏的，不足的
Topic2: When international media (including movies, fashion shows, advertisements and other TV programs) convey the same messages to the global audience, people argue that the expansion of international media has negative impacts on cultural diversity. What is your opinion?
媒体信息一致的缺点：
• 国际媒体（global media)—般掌握在少数几个有实力的机构手中（in the hands of a few, large, powerful organizations)；有了媒体的宣传(propaganda)后,西方文化成了主流(domineering force),大规模的、有吸引力的广告(mass seductive advertising )唤起了落后地区人们对物质 新的向往（create fresh desires),经济联系增强（strong economic ties),西方产品取代了本地产 品，使人们更加向往西方的文化；
• 文化开始融合在一起(mingle),人们被新的价值观所围绕(bombarded with new values)，对自 己的文化失去信心和自豪感（confidence and pride),拒绝接受自己的文化传统（rejection of their cultural heritage)转而接受西方的文化习惯（adoption of Western cultural practices);西方 媒体削弱了民族的特征(ethnic identity)和社会的凝聚力（social cohesion);因为担心失去观众 (a loss of viewers),当地的电视台也开始播放西方的电视节目（television shows), • 国际媒体的普遍会降低世界文化的品质和多样性（degrade the quality and diversity of world culture);文化被商业化（commercialized), —些文化产品（cultural goods),如音乐、服装，都 变成了商品（commodities in the marketplace)。因此，即便一些文化在世界其他地方传播，它原 来的性质（authenticity)已经丧失。
媒体信息一致的优点：
• 国家之间的频繁交往会促进文化之间的交流。因此，相互了解和相互认同的可能性 (likelihood of mutual understanding and mutual acceptance )就会增加，这是顺应全球化的趋势；
• 未必一定放弃传统观念（not necessarily lead to the abolition of traditional values),事实上媒体 可以起到宣传和稳固传统文化的作用；
• 主流媒体一般都会反应文化多元性（The dominant media reflect cultural diversity.); —些外国 节目其实促进了文化多元性(Most foreign programming is promoting cultural diversity.),适应 了当地的条件（adapt to local conditions)，注意到了当地文化的敏感性（aware of cultural sensitivity).自我调节来适应市场(exercise self-censorship to suit the
market :)。
As international media companies expand across the world, the growing popularity and uniformity of some media programs (such as TV shows, movies, fashion shows) is causing worldwide concern. Many people have strong views toward this trend. In my opinion, international media is closely linked to cultural globalization and cultural homogeneity.
The dominance of international media is a sign of Western cultural imperialism and has the potential to thwart cultural diversity. It is not a secret that international media is owned and operated by a handful of giant corporations, such as Time Warner. They control large sectors of the media market and place national media companies at risk. The contraction in the number of media owners will cause a proportional reduction, in the variety of programs broadcasted. For example, painting, music and movies accessible in the media have a small number of genres, imposing restraints on one's knowledge of artworks of different cultural backgrounds.
In addition to seizing control over those creative industries, global entertainment companies affect cultural diversity by reshaping the perceptions, beliefs and norms of ordinary citizens in different countries. Most of the cultural values and ideals promoted by the leading mainstream media are of American origin. American culture values individuality, maximization of one's benefits and material wealth, rather than communal life and family solidarity, the values and norms previously treasured in" many Asian countries. Unfortunately, many Asian people now imitate American people, causing the alteration of their perceptions of family. This radical change can be attributed to those movies and TV programs that portray the success of American individuals or corporations.
The loss of media diversity is also responsible for people's narrow sense of ways of life. The ruling class of many countries speaks English, favors Western food, wears Western-style jackets and even prefers Western weddings. Young people are captivated by American basketball and some even daubing the names of NBA stars on their school sweatsuits. All these transformations in life are the result of the audience's exposure to Hollywood movies, TV shows and sports reports. The loss of media diversity will lead to degradation of culture and to a minimization of cultural diversity. It is a worrying trend, as people need cultural diversity to preserve and pass on their valuable heritage to future generations, including lifestyle.
As shown above, international media, controlled by a handful of transnational media corporations, is exporting Western culture worldwide and putting many indigenous cultures at the risk of extinction. The uniformity of media programs has led to that of artworks, norms and ways of life wherever international media goes.
1. dominance=domination=power:统治，力量 2. sign=symbol=mark=signal=indication：标志，象征
3. thwart=prevent=spoil=ruin:阻止，破坏
4. a handful of=a small number of:少数的 5. contraction-reduction ：减少
6. proportional=relative：相对的，成比例的 7. perception=view=opinion:看法
8. ideal=value=belief=principle:观点，观念；标准 9. solidarity=unity=harmony=cohesion:团结
10. be captivated by=be obsessed with=be passionate about=be addicted to=be keen on=be enthusiastic about:被…所吸引
11. pass on=give=impart=convey:传递，灌输
Topic 3: There is a disagreement on the impact of increased business and culture contact between countries on a country's identity. What is your opinion?
商业和文化的接触增多会导致一个国家特征的丧失：
• 影响文化：文化不是静态的，而是动态的（not static, but dynamic)；—种文化的改变主要是由 于社会环境(social environment)发生了变化。比如说，人们的饮食习惯发生了改变，这是学习 夕卜界文化的结果(People's eating habits have been changed as the result of learned behaviour.)； 快餐文化源自美国，有些人将此作为财富的象征(symbols of wealth),从而喜欢快餐；另外， 本地的饮食文化会改变，以适应外国人的口味（suit the tastes of visitors);
• 影响生活方式：进口商品的增多，对外国产品的喜好（preference for imports);人们更加熟悉 他国的文化，而忘记自身的特点（sense of identity)，社会的团结也有所损害（an erosion of social solidarity);服装、饮食、娱乐等等都被两化了 （westernized),比如说，西装现在是流行 的男性服装(the suit is the most popular outfit for men)； • 欠发达国家在技术革新中起到的作用甚微(play a small role in the technological revolution),所 以需要"出卖"自己国家的主权或者利益来获得国际的帮助（concede sovereignty and interests to other countries for aid)；贫富差距加大(widening gap between the richest and poorest parts of the world)；
• 接受西方文化的人们成为一个国家新的统治阶级（new ruling class);人们摒弃传统的观念 (renounce traditionally-held beliefs),觉得传统观念是过时的和低人一等的（outdated and inferior);主流文化会取代老式的和各种各样的文化（A dominant culture takes over diverse cultures.),人们不再尊重传统文化（lose respect older cultures),而传统观念最终成为历史 {consigned to history)。
商业和文化的接触增多会加强一个国家的特征：
• 外来文化让人们意识到自己文化的特点，从而更加注意维持这种文化； • 一种特殊文化会引起世界的关注，人们会更加注意保护。
One of the most conspicuous trends in the 21st century is a closer connection between countries, in both economic and cultural aspects. There is a widespread worry that this will lead to the gradual demise of countries’ identities. This issue should be viewed and analyzed from multiple perspectives.
When a country tends to develop a closer relationship with the rest of the world, it does not necessarily give up its culture. Culture is not a disgrace to but an asset of a country. An indigenous culture can distinguish one country from others, attracting foreign visitors and yielding high income. As most tourists travel abroad for learning different cultures and sampling different ways