Ladies and gentlemen,
Welcome to Changsha museum. We’ll be here to visit “The Exhibition of Inscribed Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha and The Years of Unearthed Most Valuable Cultural Relics”. I hope my explanation can satisfy you!
Now, we are in the first exhibition hall. Here, it adopts panoramic technique, and restores the site of unearthing Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom. In 1996, during July to November, in the southeast of Wu Yi square, team up with Ping He Tang Department. The exhumations were carried on by Changsha relics work teams. They unearth 61 archaic wells during the Warring States period and the Ming and Qing Dynasty, and found out 3000 kinds of relics, like copper, iron bamboo, wood, ceramics, and so on. To people’s astonishment, in the No.22 archaic well, they found lots of bamboo tablets and wooden slips. After confirming, they are the relics of Sun Wu in Three kingdoms 1700 years ago. These patches of relics would replenish the lacked historical materials of three kingdoms exactly. Our country once had four discoveries: The oracle bone inscription of Yin, bamboo tablets and wooden slips of Tunxu in northwest China, Cultural books of Dunhuang stone room, Files of Qing cabinet. Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha can be mentioned in the same breath with the four discoveries, and become the searching subject of international academia.
Everybody! Please look at the cross section reconstruction of the NO.22 archaic well. Its upper part of opening was damaged when it was excavating. This is an irregular circular shape vertical shaft; the bottom has a bag form likely. The opening of the well has a length 3.5 m from south to north, 3.1 m from east to west, and 5.6 m in depth. The opening is covered with pure red brown color clay, 1.5 m deeper of which is the bamboo tablets and wooden slips layer. The bamboo tablets and wooden slips layer is 50 cm thick in center and 20 cm thin on all sides, piled up with slope form. The ropes tied the bamboo tablets and wooden slips have become rotten, but we can see they were buried by bundles at that time. There are more than 10,000 pieces of bamboo tablets and wooden slips by the initial statistics. The second layer is the gray brown clay layer of 3.1 m thick, among them mix up with lots of bamboo wood scrapes, grass scrapes, leaves, fragmentary bricks, pottery and porcelain and so on. At the bottom of the well is another small well, which has square wooden frame. The four corners are nailed by a stick of spile inlayed with two wooden boards as the well wall. The circle of the well is 93 cm long, 58 cm tall. The function of this small well is probably for gathering the groundwater from all sides of the well, and then put forward to pour out with water pitcher and other tools in order to maintain the well space dry. This is the living photo taken by the time of excavating.
Analyzing the structure and relics of the well NO.22, it is an ancient well for storing food. The climate of Changsha is so hot, wet and rainy that the food is easy to be rot, but the circumstance under the ground of 10 m depth is just like as a modern refrigerator. The archaeological discoveries approved that people had used this storing method from the time of Shang dynasty.
You may ask that, why were the bamboo tablets of Wu Kingdom buried in the well? There are two statements. The first one considered that in the period of Three Kingdoms, there were so many wars, the suddenly burst-out war made people bury them here in a hurry. The other considered that to bury them in the well may be a way of dealing with the records in the past.
Now please look at the photo. This is the photo of unearthing the No.22 well. We can see that the bamboo tablets and wooden slips were soaked in the mud. Why can they be kept intact for over 1700 years? One of the important reasons is that the ground water level in Changsha was very high, and the bamboo tablets and wooden slips were soaked in the water. Besides, they were buried deeply; they can be sealed up wall. With these, they can be kept intact for over 1700 years.
Next, let"s visit the second exhibition room. In this room we can get the detailed introduction of the bamboo tablets and wooden slips. Before we visit, I have a question to ask. Do you know whether the words on the bamboo tablets and wooden slips were written or carved on them? With the question, let"s look at the photo of the pottery figurine. This pottery figurine was unearthed in a Western Jin tomb in Jinpenling in Changsha in 1950s. On the left of the photo there is a man handing a wooden slip and reading something, the man on the right who were holding a hair pencil in a hand and a wooden slip in the other was writing something. The pottery figurine shows us the condition of ancients writing on the bamboo tablets and wooden slips. Now, we can say, the word on the bamboo tablets and slips were written on them. Did you guess it?
To see another set of photos. This is a hair pencil unearthed from one of the tombs of the Warring State at Zuojiagong Mountain of Changsha in 1954. Its shaft is long and small but easy to be broken. On the side of it there is a bamboo pipe used for containing the pen when it is collected and preserved. This is an ink stone with little ink blocks near it. Here also remains a bronze chopping knife which is used for the calligrapher to make inscribed bamboo and wooden slips and correct writing mistakes. This is a set of photos of calligraphy tools discovered in No.168 Tomb in Jinan city of former capital of Chu State. In addition to this, there are 6 pieces of wooden slips without character. This is also the most complete and most typical set of Han Dynasty’s stationery ever seen up to now. Uniting our ancient people calculates the number of the inscribed bamboo tablets and wooden slips are not “slice”, but “jin”. It is recorded in history that the 1st emperor of Qin Dynasty did not have a rest until he finished reading over 120 jin of memorial to throne and inscribed bamboo and wooden slips.
Please notice the following brief tablet about information of the inscribed bamboo and wooden slips unearthed from all parts of the nation from this century. Among this, the column in red character is the number of the inscribed bamboo and wooden slips excavated from Changsha this time. The number this time has exceeded the total amount of that unearthed from all parts of the nation these years. Therefore, it is named as “the surprising wonder of the world”and “one of the most important archaeological discoveries of this century.”
It is well known that document history in the Three Kingdom Period handed down is very rare.”The Annals of Three Kingdom”by Chenshou in Xijin has 65 volumes, among which there are 30 volumes of Wei Book, 15 volumes of Shu Book, 20 volumes of Wu Book with total of more than 1 million characters. Over the years, the unearthed inscribed bamboo slips and wooden tablets in nationwide archaeology is also rarely seen and only exist tens of pieces in Anhui, Jiangxi and Hubei .But nowadays in Changsha, the total number of the excavation of the inscribed bamboo from Wu State in Three Kingdom Period reaches 10 thousand pieces for just one time and the total wordage reaches more than 3 million if counted with 20 words in each piece. These character materials greatly surpass the total wordage in that of the “Annals of Three Kingdom”, which offers abundant material for the study of social economy, political system, inscribed bamboo and volume system, history and geography and also fill the vacancy of historic works. We can forecast that the discovery of inscribed bamboo slips from Wu State in Changsha will surely influence many aspects of the Chinese historic study and anew examining and verifying the past final conclusion.
Well, let us have a look at this map. Though the series archaeological excavation around the “Wuyi square ”by our archaeological workers, we have preliminarily defined the region of the ancient Changsha .It extends northward to “Lao Zhaobi ”, southward to “Pozi Street”, eastward to “Cai’e Road”and westward to “Shanghe Street”which shaped rectangle. And the center of Changsha is today’s “Wuyi Square, which, we can say, hasn’t changed basically nearly 3000years.
The unearthed inscribed bamboo slips and wooden tablets for this time, if according to their shape, they can be distributed to big and small inscribed bamboo slips, wooden tablets and so on; if according to their use, they can be distributed to five kinds:
The first kind is document. It can be subdivided into two parts. One is the land rent document with 0.5m long, 2.5cm wide and 100 to 200 Chinese characters on. The other is the official document which recorded the distribution and exchanging of money, crops, and goods among different governmental setups. Please look at this smaller slice. It is a classified label. It shows us a monthly report recorded by two officials named Huang Wei and Pan lv in the first year of Jia He period.
Second, about judicature, which recorded some detail contents and economic cases, such as the trying, appealing and reexamining? What"s on this wooden tablet is an individual case about a Du You. Du You is a kind of government official. He was sentenced to death for his corruptness of salt, but he was not convinced and appealed to a high court. However, the reexamining did not make the judge change. So he had nothing to do but accept.
The third kind is directory, somewhat like the household and registered books today. Let"s look at this slice. Here the Chinese character “Rong Li”was a name of some place in Changsha. This whole sentence means there is a man named He Qin, 55 years old, lived in Rong Li. His dukedom is Gong Cheng. And here "Suan Yi" means can be counted as one of a taxpayer;" Xing Liang Zu" refers to whose legs had been cut off. The directory served as a registered permanent resident, which put down people"s name, age, position and something we can"t find in our registered permanent resident---physical condition.
The fourth one is calling card. It mainly referred to paying respect, giving gift and administrative affairs, as visiting cards we use today.
The last kind is the wooden tablet on account which recorded the managing account of departments belongs to Changsha government.
Please look at these historical relics again. This blue and green porcelain in the Three Kingdoms and Tow Jin Dynasties were discovered in ZouMalou ancient well. Look, their glazed colors is sparking and crystal-clear, the decorate are simple and element. The second among them is called "Chichen-Head Potting", the potting is coronal form, guides the neck and proceeded high, and the modeling of it is very beautiful. These potting were very popular in Jin Dynasty. They were used as pitcher and chalice.
Everybody has seen many photos, has listened to so much explanation, now we come to see the original of the bamboo slips, wooden tablets or slips for writing.
Now, you see in the pyramid shape exhibition cupboard, it is a bamboo slips and wooden tablets or slips original that explored in Zoumalou in the ancient well of the building this time. The bamboo slips and wooden tablets or slips are the material that the ancient remains of our country come down to write. Among them the narrow and long bamboo, the wood chips are called "Jian", the generous wood chips called "Du". You must distinguish one from the other, not wood make are named "Du", what bamboo make named "Jian". Jian has the wooden one, too. Ok, the right side of I there set some inscribed wooden tablets, the middle are heavy inscribed wooden slips. In the left, they are bamboo slips that pressed under the transparent glass. The characters on the bamboo slips and wooden tablets or slips are simple and clear. It"s easily can be distinguished. The script is the transition from Lishu to Regular script.
These kinds of inscribed wooden slips and inscribed wooden tablets are made in shirt woods. The quality of these trees is pre-pressing. It is intact to keep. The raw materials of inscribed bamboo slips is bamboo whose quality is loose, apt and crooked and out of shape, so it in displaying and need press when exhibiting. The ancients have several procedures to make the bamboo slips. First, they cut the bamboo into bamboo slips, and then burnished them in order to make them smooth, these smooth slips called “Jian”. But people could not write on the wet bamboo slips. Then, they roasted dry the wet bamboo slips. While roasting, there was some water steaming out. The water looked like sweet, so people called those “Sweet Qing”or “Sha Qing”.
The “Guo Ling Ding Yang”of Wen Tianxiang said that “Since ancient times, who has no death? Remaining sincere heart to finish ‘Sweet Qing’.
Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha has very strong historical value, article value and scientific value, so the provincial leaders, city leaders and related experts decided to set up an exhibition of bamboo tablets and wooden slips.
长沙岳麓书院导游词长沙导游词（2）岳麓书院创办于北宋开宝九年。即公元976年,是中国宋代着名的四大书院之一。它经历宋、元、明、清四个朝代,在清光绪二十九年,即19XX年,改制为湖南高等学堂。以后多次更名和调整,于1926年正式定名湖南大学,期间历时千年,弦歌不绝,故称“千年学府”。
门前的对联“千百年楚才导源于此近世纪湘学与日争光.”是由中国社会科学院哲学研究所研究员、中国书法家协会副主席虞愚先生撰写。它概括了岳麓书院在培育人才和发展学术方面的历史地位和作用。
进入大门我们可以看到全国重点文物保护单位的标志。岳麓书院目前是国内历史最悠久、保存最完整、规模最大的一所古代书院。中国书院始于唐朝,当时只是藏书、读书和编书的地方。北宋时期,统治者实行“偃武修文”政策,鼓励民间办学,书院的教育功能凸现出来,并得以迅速发展,成为与政府办的官学,民间办的私学并存的一种新的教育制度。当时,最着名的书院有河南商丘的应天书院、河南登封的蒿阳书院、江西庐山的白麓书院和长沙的岳麓书院等四所。但是只有岳麓书院延续办学千年,发展成现代的大学--湖南大学。所以岳麓书院可以说是中国教育的缩影。
请您继续前行,登上前面的古戏台。
赫曦台
我们登上的古戏台,名叫赫曦台。“赫曦”出自屈原的《离骚》,“赫”指红色,“曦”指朝霞,赫曦台原是建于岳麓山顶的观日台。南宋乾道年间,宋代着名的理学家朱熹应岳麓书院的山长张拭的邀请来书院讲学,清晨他们一同上岳麓山顶登台看日出。后来山顶的赫曦台荒废了。清乾隆五十一年,岳麓书院的山长罗典在书院前面建了这座台。道光元年,山长欧阳厚均将此台改名为“赫曦台”,以记念朱熹和张拭。
赫曦台石砌台基,居高开阔。在台上的左右内壁上有高约两米的“福”、“寿”二,说到“福寿”二,还有一个故事。
传说嘉庆十二年乡试以后,州县长官在书院宴请中举的举人。此时来了一位脚蹬草鞋的老道人,众人见来客是个无名老道,便戏谑地叫他写个看看。道人见状,一手拈须,一手提起堂前的扫把,沾上黄泥,写下一个丈余高的“寿”,扬长而去,众人目瞪口呆。在看那,健笔如龙，力透骨肌,方知遇到仙人。其后山长罗典为弥过失,也为了对称,补书了一“福”。但这福的笔力就大不如“寿”。除去故事的传奇色彩,福寿也是中国老百姓的一种期盼。你看赫曦台顶部雕饰的八挂图,还有寿、蝙蝠图案,也是象征“福”、“寿”的意思。赫曦台上的屏风正面是岳麓书院总体平面图.现在我们看到的岳麓书院面积为两平方米,建筑面积约7千平方米.书院分为四个部分:讲堂及两边的斋舍是教学区/讲堂后面御书楼是藏区;讲堂后方，包括文庙和专祠，是祭祀区;左后方是园林区。这是古代书院比较典型的格局。在屏风的另一面我们可以看到南宋着名理学家朱熹、张拭，明代着名理学家、心学创始人王守仁以及毛泽东留下的与赫曦台有关的诗句。说明赫曦台历史久远，已融入历代名人的文化活动之中。我们站在赫曦台往岳麓书院大门方向看，岳麓书院是以大门、二门、讲堂、御书楼中轴对称，纵深多进的院落。斋舍、祭祀专祠等排列于两旁，层层递进，有一种庄严、神妙、幽远的纵深感;体现了我国儒家文化尊卑有序、主次鲜明的社会伦理关系。
请您走下赫曦台。回头看赫曦台外侧前后左右两壁檐上，分别塑有〈张良进厦〉、〈老子出关〉、〈麻姑献寿〉〈拾玉蜀〉等传统戏曲故事，造型别致，形态自如;还有代表传统说中的八仙的萧、花篮等器物，都是典型的湖南地方戏台风格。赫曦台上还有一幅对联：“合安利勉而为学，通天地人之谓才”。上联中的“安”，指安然自得;“利”指利益;“勉”强。意思是说，治学要不论安、利、勉哪种情况，只要锲而不舍，均能达到成功的目的;下联的意思是说，要通晓天、地、人的道理，才能称得上“才”。也就是说要博学，以致成才。它表达出古代学者的人才观念，是由清代的进士，曾任湖南布政使的左捕撰写，当代书法家王超尘书写。
大门
岳麓书院历史经历过多次兵与火与重建，目前保存的是明清时期的建筑和基本格局。现在看到的大门是清朝同治七年，即公元1868年重建的。门额“岳麓书院”四为宋代真宗皇帝的题。北宋大中祥符八年，即公元10XX年，宋代真宗皇帝认为岳麓书院办学很不错，山长周式德行称着，特别召见周式，白拜国子监主薄，请他留在京城讲学做官。但周式心系岳麓，不想留在京城做官，请求回岳麓书院。皇帝就赐他经书和“岳麓书院”御匾，悬挂于大门正十方。岳麓书院从此名闻天下，前来求学者络绎不绝。大门两旁一幅着名的对联“唯楚有才，于斯为盛”。相传清代嘉庆年间，岳麓书院进行大修，完工以后，门人请山长袁名撰写对联。袁名出了上联“唯楚有才”请学生应对。大家苦思不得结果。恰好贡生张中阶路过，他吐口而出;“于斯为盛”，对的十分巧妙。山长的上联初看似乎简单，实则有难度。上联出自〈左传-襄公二十六年〉：“虽楚有才，晋实用之”。这就要求下联也出自典故。张中阶对的下联出自〈论语-泰伯〉：“孔子曰，才难，不其言乎，唐虞之际，于斯为盛。”都出自典故，意义关切，实为佳作。对联中“唯”和“于”都是语气助词，没有有具体意义，意思是说，楚国人才众多，而在这里尤为兴盛。这是前人对岳麓书院人才辈出的赞誉。的确，岳麓书院当时集中了一批历史上着名的思想家和教育家，如朱熹、张拭、王阳明等;也培养了一大批光彩照人的优秀学生，如哲学大师王夫之、启蒙思想家魏源、军事家左宗棠、外交家郭蒿涛、维新运动领袖唐才常，以及教育家杨昌济等等。说人才兴盛，实不为过。大门前有两个大理石的门当，据说是宋代的作品。正面雕刻有高浮雕的“三狮戏球”，表示国泰民安，吉祥喜庆的意思;背面有“锦鸡芙蓉”意为“锦上添花”;其它图案如梅、兰、竹，荷花、白鹭等都反映了封建文人的世俗欲求和政治抱负。岳麓书院是古代文人建筑，它广泛应用寓意深远的雕刻、对联、匾额等装修手法，把人生哲理、传统美德、儒家教训等与建筑结合起来，营造一种人文环境，达到教育人的目的，这是中国传统建筑文化的特征之一。大门左右两墙上也有一副当代学者的对联：“治无古今，育才是急，莫漫观四海潮流，千秋讲院;学有因革，通边为雄，试忖度朱张意气，毛蔡风神。 ”上联的意思是说，无论古往今来，治理国家，都是把培育人才作为急迫的任务，切不可忽视世界的历史潮流和千年学府的作用。下联的意思是说，做学问，既有继承，有要有革新，英雄豪杰就在于能顺应时势，融会变通，试想一想，宋代的朱熹、张拭，近代的毛泽东、蔡和森，他们的治学方法，不是值得后人深思和仿效的吗?大门前是留影的好地方。照完像后，请继续前行。
二门
进入大门以后，我们看到的是二门。它采用五间单檐悬山结构，中间开有三张门，花岗石门框;左右为过道，通南北斋舍。原门建于明代嘉靖元年，抗日战争期间曾被日本侵略者飞机炸毁，这是1984年重建的。二门门额正上方悬有“名山坛席”匾，撰者无法考证。原匾为清同治七年所制，抗日战争期间曾被炸毁，先匾为1984年复制。二门两旁有对联“纳于大麓;藏之名山”，上联出自〈尚书尧舜典〉，下联出自〈史记-太史公自序〉，意为岳麓书院被浩瀚的林木所掩映，藏在地阔物博的岳麓山中。撰联者是清末“湖南高等学堂”的监督程颂万先生。二门过厅两边有清代山长罗典所撰的联;“地接衡湘，大泽深山龙虎气;学宗邹鲁，礼门义路圣贤心”。上亮点出岳麓书院的地里位置，山接衡岳，水临湘江，深山大泽，龙盘虎踞，气势非凡。下联描写岳麓书院继承孔孟学说，崇尚圣贤之道，是学习礼仪的好地方。着幅对联用22个把岳麓书院的独特而优越的地理环境和源远流长的儒学说传统描写得淋漓尽致，恰倒好处。大门左边有一块大型菊花石，这是湖南浏阳特产。花形是依天然石纹加工而成的，如此之大，是实不多见。进入二门后，请回头看二门背面的碑匾“潇湘槐市”。原匾为清代学监程颂万所撰书，抗日战争中被毁。先匾为原全国人大常委会副委员长、民盟中央主席楚图南补书。“潇湘”泛指湖南，“槐市”指汉代长安城北的一片森林。当时京城的书生们常聚于此，或议论于槐树下。“潇湘槐市”指岳麓书院是湖南的“槐市”，文人、学者经常聚集于此。意思是岳麓书院人才之盛，有如汉代长安之槐市。继续往前，看到的是岳麓书院的讲堂。
讲堂
讲堂位于书院的中心位置，是书院的教学重地和举行重大活动的场所。北宋岳麓书院创建时，即有“讲堂”，明代称为“成德堂”，后改称“静一堂”或称“忠孝廉节堂”。讲堂檐前挂有“实事求是”匾。为民国初期湖南工业专科学校校长宾步走程撰写。“实事求是”源于《汉书-河间献王刘德传》，校长将其作为校训，旨在教育学生崇尚科学，追求真理。大厅中央悬挂两块镏金木匾：一块是“道南脉”匾，有乾隆皇帝御赐。这里的“道”是指理学。战国时期思想界是百家争鸣，汉武帝“废绌百家，独尊儒家”，儒家思想开始占统治地位。唐宋时期，一些儒学思想家吸取拂、道新的思想，发展形成儒家新的思想体系。其中以程颐和朱熹为代表的哲学思想称为“理学”。岳麓书院是朱熹传播理学思想的基地之一，所以此匾的意思是说岳麓书院所播传湖湘学派是理学南传的正宗。它表示了岳麓书院在中国理学传播史上的地位，是皇帝对岳麓书院传播理学的最高评价。此匾为原物。另一块是“学达性天”匾，由康熙皇帝御赐，意思是人通过对理的领悟，可以认知天命，达到天人和一的地步。原匾被毁，这是1983年依康熙迹重刻。讲堂屏壁正面书有《岳麓书院记》，为南宋乾隆道二年书院主教、着名理学家张拭撰，他阐明了岳麓书院以反对科举利禄之学，培养传道济民的人才为目的的办学思想，对书院教育具有重大影响。该文由湖南大学校友、湖南省书法协会主席周昭怡1983年书写。屏壁背面刻有岳麓山全景图，临摹自《南岳志》。讲坛上放着两把椅子是为了纪念南宋着名理学家朱熹访院，与山长张拭讨论《中庸》之义，开创了中国书院会讲制度之先河。讲堂壁上还嵌有许多极有价值的碑刻文物，如由朱熹手书、清代山长欧阳厚均刻的“忠孝廉节”碑;由清代山长欧阳正焕书、欧阳厚均刊立的“整齐严肃”碑;清代山张王文清撰问的《岳麓书院学规碑》、《读书法》等十数方，这些都是中国书院教育研究的重要史料。讲堂前还有北京大学哲学系教授、中国社会科学院学委员冯友兰先生所书对联：“唯楚有才，于斯为盛;沅生芷草，澧育兰花。”此联妙在：上联两句原是本书院大门联，下联援引《离骚》中的一句话：“沅有芷兮澧有兰”，略作改动为：“沅生芷草，澧育兰花。”便成了两个对仗句。从全联看，上、下两联，各自成对。在内容上也有内在逻辑联系。为什么 “唯楚有才，于斯为盛”?答案只有一个，那就是 “沅生芷草，澧育兰花。”讲堂右边是“今日书院馆”，陈列有党和国家领导人视察书院的照片和题词，以及岳麓书院文化研究所的学术活动。讲堂左边有“文泉书店”游客可以购买到有关书院的书籍和其它着作。请游客自己观看。看完以后，请穿过讲堂，看到的是御书楼。
御书楼
岳麓书院创建初期就在讲堂后面建有书楼，后来宋真宗皇帝赐书给了岳麓书院，更名为“御书阁”。清康熙二十六年，巡抚丁思孔从朝廷请得十三经、二十一史等书籍，始建御书楼于现址。清代所建的御书楼不幸毁于抗日战争中，今天御书楼是80年代仿宋代风格重建。现在是湖南大学的古籍图书馆。前中共中央书记处书记邓力群同志曾将其万余册个人藏书捐赠给岳麓书院。御书楼内壁有“力群书屋”，专室保藏。我国古代藏书楼很注重防火，楼前多建有水池;房屋之间还建有高高的封火墙。同时，出于一种信仰，在大楼屋脊的两端常常塑有两条昂首的龙。据说这是龙的第九个儿子，名叫“蚩吻”，好吞火。以次避火灾。至于檐角的宝剑，则是因为蚩吻还有一个爱好，就是啃木檐，为了防止它的劣行，就用宝剑镇住它。中国古代建筑处处浸透着传统文化色彩。御书楼两侧复廊嵌有《朱熹诗碑》、《重修岳麓书院记》等重要碑刻。看完以后，请从御书楼左侧边门进入的是园林。那里有麓山寺碑、百年轩和书院八景中的四景。进入园林，我们首先看到的是碑廊。
碑廊
岳麓书院办学千年，留下了大量有价值的碑刻。碑廊中即嵌立历代遗碑13方，其中有朱熹手书的“道中庸”、“极高明”等碑，是书院的重要遗存;有新制的岳麓书院文献史料碑刻27方，这些碑文反映了历代岳麓书院的建设过程，是研究岳麓书院发展历史的重要文献，撰文者或者为着名文学家，或为书院山长，或为地方官员，或为着名政治家，他们本身在历史上都有较大的影响，因而这些碑刻具有更为广泛的社会价值、为研究者和旅游者所关注。碑廊处于书院园林西面。园林有书院八景中的“竹林冬翠”、“曲涧鸣泉”、“碧沼观鱼”和“花墩坐月”四景。您可以慢慢品味和寻找。沿碑廊前行，前面能看到时务轩。
时务轩
时务轩是为纪念时务学堂而建的纪念性建筑。清朝末年，中日甲午战争失败后，民族危机空前加剧。为推动湖南新政可，在岳麓书院山长王先谦及谭嗣同等人的活动下，湖南巡抚陈保缄、学政江标、按察使黄遵宪于光绪二十三年上奏朝廷，设时务学堂于长沙小东街，熊希龄为学堂总理(校长)，梁启超为中文总教习，学堂昌盛一时。着名学生有范源濂、蔡锷、方鼎英、杨树达、唐才中等人。戊戌变法失败后，湖南巡抚陈保缄等人被革职，时务堂被迫停办，后改为求实书院，光绪二十八年改为湖南大学堂。次年与岳麓书院所改之湖南高等学堂合并。轩内现嵌有梁启超《时务学堂古址碑，该碑为民国二十四年梁启超重游时务学堂旧址所书，另有李肖聘、李况松、陈云章、黄曾莆等人的碑刻。出了时务轩，右边有一座小亭，那是着名的麓山寺所在地。
麓山寺碑
眼前的这个小亭内藏着我国书法史上着名的麓山寺碑。碑文内容记录了麓山寺历史沿革，是在唐开元十八年，由着名文学家、书法家、篆刻家李邕撰文、书丹并雕刻。因其文、书、刻三者俱佳，故有“三绝碑”之称。碑侧碑阴有宋带大书法家米芾的题刻。麓山寺碑是我国现存碑刻中影响较大的一块唐碑，也是长沙现存时间最早、价值最高的碑刻。李邕官至汲郡、北海太守，世称“李北海”，故麓山寺碑又有北海之称。《麓山寺碑》也是他行楷书的代表作品之一，笔致挺拔，气势纵横。麓山寺碑对后来的书法家影响较大，历代许多大书法家都至岳麓山临习瞻仰，碑后至今尚留有部分书法家的手迹。许多书法家都以见到此碑为荣。因《麓山寺碑》享有盛名，历代欲取此碑的人甚多，清代嘉庆年间，有达官遣官前来拓取，因不得其法，隧使名碑碎裂，留下了千古遗憾。当时长沙知府沈廷英得知后，亲赴现场，和沙灰集其残片94片，另嵌碑亭内壁之上。1950年麓山寺碑被列为省文物保护单位。
离开麓山寺碑，前面那座伴水而建的建筑是百泉轩。
百泉轩
这座伴水而建的建筑叫百泉轩。这是历代山长居住的地方。百泉轩始建于北宋之初，地处岳麓山清风峡谷口，溪泉荟翠，是岳麓书院风景绝佳之地。历代山长爱溪泉之妙，筑轩而居，享尽自然的天籁之音。元代着名理学家吴澄作《北泉轩记》，说百泉轩前溪泉：“如雪如冰，如练如鹤”。南宋乾道三年，朱熹访院，与山长张拭“聚处同游岳麓”，“昼而燕坐，夜而栖宿”，都在、百泉轩中，相传二人曾在此论学三昼夜而不息。倚水边的石栏，观锦鲤在水中戏游。这是岳麓书院八景之一：“碧沼观鱼”。
教学斋
您现在来到了教学斋。这是古代学生居住的地方。现存的建筑为1993年书院改学堂时改建。“教学斋”斋名出自《礼记-学记》：“玉不琢，不成器;人不学，不知道。是故，古之王者，建国居民，教学为先”。里面设有读者服务部和编钟古乐演奏室。您可以进去休息以下，购买岳麓书院和湖南的旅游纪念品，欣赏XX那前楚国的古编钟演奏的民间音乐。
半学斋
现在我们来到半学斋。这是古代教师居住的地方。“半学斋”斋名源出《尚书-说命下》，含有教学相长的意思。目前半学斋设有岳麓书院的历史及人才陈列室。毛泽东同志早年曾和蔡和森寓居半学斋。现也设有专门展室以示纪念。
文庙
岳麓书院文庙位于书院左侧，由照壁、门楼、大成门、大成殿、两庑、崇圣祠、明伦堂等部分组成，自成院落。自汉武帝“废黜百家，独尊儒家”以来，教育界开始祭祀祠孔子。北宋时期岳麓书院曾建礼殿于讲堂前，内塑孔子及十为哲人像，画七十二圣贤图。南宋乾道元年改礼殿为宣圣殿。明弘治十八年，更名为大成殿。明朝正德二年迁于现在的地址。天启四年重修，正式称为文庙，其规格与各郡县文庙相当。其后屡毁屡兴，但建筑格局未变。大成殿是文庙中最主要的建筑。“大成”一词源于《孟子》，“孔子之谓集大;集大成也者，金声而玉振之也。”孔子是我国古代着名的思想家和教育家，也是世界文明史上最伟大的文化巨匠之一。所以用“大成”二来表示孔子的成就和地位。大成殿采用重桅歇山顶，黄色琉璃瓦，藻井天花，雕龙画凤，属帝王规格。殿前有月台，供祭孔时表演礼乐用，月台前有明代的石雕蟠龙，十分庄严。大成门的石阶前，有一对明代石狮，一雄一雌，刻工精细传神。雄狮戏球，雌狮怀抱小狮，这对狮子毫无凶神恶煞之感，有的只是受教化后的妩媚恩爱之态。大成门外的牌楼为明清建筑，左右各一，南北相望，四柱三层，由花岗石砌成，上有龙雕等饰物。牌楼内侧题额分别为“贤关”、“圣域”，外侧题额分别为“德配天地”、“道冠古金”，均为对孔子的赞辞。文庙照壁，也称照墙，是文庙大成门外对着大门做屏蔽用的墙壁，现存照壁为明清建筑。照壁前的孔子铜像，是1996年香港孔子教学院汤恩佳先生捐塑。
湖南长沙马王堆汉墓女尸英文导游词长沙导游词（3） mawangdui is located in the eastern outskirts of changsha, about 4km from downtown changsha,in the preceeding centuries, it was bured here, hence the name "mawangdui"formerly there were two eastern mounds here closely linked together.from 1972 to early 1974, chinese archacological workers unearthed three tombs of the wester han dynasty here and achieved tremendous results that attracted wide attention at home and abroad.they excavated more than 3000 cultural relied and a well-preserved female corpse from the tombs.according to seals unearthed from tomb no2"chancellor to the prince to changsha","seal of the marquis of dai"
we know that the mawangdui was burial ground of licang , chancellor to the prince of changsha statte and mqrquis of dai in the early western han dynasty and his family.
according to the historical records , licang died in the secong year of the reign of empress lu . the occupants in tomb no3 were believed to be his son. unearthed from the tomb was a wooden tablet with the burial bate, which reads"the first day of the second month in the twelfth year" after careful textual research this was indentified as the twelfth year of reign of the han emperor wen ci . the corpse in tomb no1 is that of licang " wife, whose personal name , according to an unearthed seal, was xingzhui, a study of conclusion that "tomb no1 dates from about the 6th dacade of the 2nd century b,c
a little later than tomb no3 tomb no1 is the best preserved, and most of the relies showed here were excavated from this tomb.
now , i will introduce this thing to you one by one:
these are figurines 162 wooden figurines were unearthed from tomb no1 and 104 form tomb no3 , they fall into three categories:attendants, musicians and odd-jobservants. no doubt , they represent the numerous servants enslaved by the marquis of dai, which reveal the parasitic life of the family.
now , pls look at these instuments, an intact zither with 25 strings, pipes composed of 22 pierced bamboo sticks and a set of pitch pipes were found in tomb no1 , in addition , a zither , a t- stringed harp, pipes and bamboo flutes were excavated from tonb no3 . strinkingly bamboo reads were found inside . the pipes found in tomb no3 , there is a silvery point on each reed, which controls the pitch, this is the material evidence of the earliest reeds , ever used in wind instruments in the world.
these are weapons:they wre excavated from tomb no3, there are 38 weapons altogether, including bows a crossbow, arrows , an arrow seabbard, a weapon stand , halberds, spears.etc.compared with the weapon of the warring state period, the bow , the crossbow and arrows were somewhat improved so that arrows
could travel futher, along with the garrison map. they help us to get an idea of the military situation in chansha state.
we know that china is a very big agricultural state, and long long ago, when people lived in western han period , there had come into being somewhat developed cultivation and animal husbandry. look ,all these things were excavated from the tombs . the agricultural produce includes rice , wheat , barley, soybean, red peas, hemp seeds, vegetable;the animal produce includes deer , oxen, goats , sheep, pigs, bares ,chickens , fishes and even chicken eggs.
well. lacquer ware, so beautiful! 184 pieces of lacquer ware were unearthed from tomb no1 and 316 pieces from tomb no3, they includ tripods vases, square vases, boxes , toilet boxes, pitchers, ladles, cups, caved cup - containers, an armreat, a screen, a game tool and a dustpam , most of them r made of a wood base coated in lacquer, and some of a bamboo or hemp base, the designs, either painted in lacquer or pasted or incised with very fine strokes, were done in smooth and graceful.lines with gorgeous color, the exquisitely wrought lacquer wares indicate the highly developed state of lacquer crafts- manship and a side light on the economic situation of the early han dynasty. now, we have seen the areound parts of the first hall, pls follow me to the central past . here you can see the silk fabrics.